Front Artif Intell. 2026 Jul 17;9:1813130. doi: 10.3389/frai.2026.1813130. eCollection 2026.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This study presents a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerator for preliminary Parkinson's disease (PD) handwriting classification using hand-drawn circle images, with emphasis on arithmetic-level optimization through efficient multiplier architectures. Although optimized multipliers have been extensively studied for machine learning acceleration, their application-specific effects on inference consistency and hardware efficiency in healthcare-oriented FPGA implementations remain underexplored.
METHODS: To address this issue, a lightweight binary CNN classifier, trained on Google Colab, is deployed on FPGA hardware and evaluated with three multiplier architectures: standard multipliers, approximate logarithmic multipliers, and Karatsuba multipliers. The desktop CNN model was evaluated using both non-augmentation validation and standard augmentation strategies. The primary evaluation methodology used a non-augmentation validation approach, in which augmentation was applied exclusively to the training set, resulting in a software validation accuracy of 92.86%. The standard augmentation strategy achieved a validation accuracy of 97.83% and was used to compare the effects of augmentation before splitting. The trained model was quantized to Q4.12 fixed-point precision and implemented on FPGA hardware, where dense-layer computations were performed using different multiplier architectures. Hardware inference was validated on the NewHandPD hand-drawn circle dataset, and FPGA outputs were compared with software inference results via graphical analysis and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) to assess numerical consistency.
RESULTS: Experimental results indicate that the FPGA-based implementation achieved classification behavior closely aligned with software inference while improving hardware efficiency. Under the non-augmentation validation approach, the FPGA implementation achieved 89.73% accuracy compared to 92.86% in software, whereas the standard augmentation strategy achieved 95.40% accuracy compared to 97.83% in software using the Approximate Logarithmic Multiplier.
DISCUSSION: The results indicate the potential feasibility of lightweight CNN deployment with optimized multipliers for resource-efficient edge healthcare applications. However, due to the limited dataset size, the presented findings should be interpreted as a preliminary proof-of-concept study rather than definitive clinical validation.
PMID:42539637 | PMC:PMC13423893 | DOI:10.3389/frai.2026.1813130